To Evaluate The Usefulness of Cytological Grading of Breast Cancer as a Predictor of Lymph Nodal Metastasis.

In a 5-year retrospective and 1-year prospective study a total of 110 fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) cases of breast cancer were studied. These were graded according to Robinson's and Mouriquand's grading methods and relationship between grading and lymph node metastasis; cell dissociation parameter of Robinson's grading and lymph node metastasis evaluated. Of the 110 cases graded by Robinson's method, Grade I tumours had lymph node involvement in 3.57% of cases. Grade II and Grade III tumours had lymph node involvement in 6.52% and 47.22% of cases respectively where as when graded by Mouriquand's method, Grade I tumours had lymph node involvement in 3.57% of cases. Grade II and Grade III tumours had lymph node involvement in 7.14% and 42.5% of cases respectively. Although both grading systems showed significant relationship with lymph node involvement but Robinson's grading was a much better predictor of lymph node metastasis. Our study showed that greater cell dissociation was associated with higher incidence of regional lymph node metastasis. A highly significant relationship was observed between cell dissociation and lymph node involvement (p=0.00000). We conclude that cytological grading of breast cancers is a strong predictor of lymph nodal metastasis and greater cell dissociation is associated with higher incidence of regional lymph node metastasis.

Idiopathic Tumoral Calcinosis With Unusual Presentation Involving Small Joints: Presentation of 4 Cases With Review of Literature.

Tumoral calcinosis is a rare familial disorder characterized by tumour like masses of calcification, usually in the soft tissues around large joints (para-articular). Masses of calcification sometimes cause gross deformity and disabilities requiring extensive surgical intervention. Involvement of distal joints like that of hand and feet is extremely rare. We present a series of 4 cases of tumoral calcinosis, two of them with unusual presentation involving great toe and thumb.

Primary Laryngeal Histoplasmosis.

Histoplasmosis presenting primarily as laryngeal infection is relatively uncommon and can be mistaken for papillomatosis or even carcinoma of the larynx.We report a case of localized form of histoplasmosis which is extremely rare. It was apparently a primary infection of the larynx with no other systemic involvement. A 20 year old male presented with history of difficulty and pain during swallowing. Indirect laryngoscopy revealed a growth in cricoid region. Histopathological examination of the biopsy material revealed histoplasmosis which was confirmed by using special stains for fungi (Gomori's methanamine and PAS).

Primary Laryngeal Histoplasmosis.

Histoplasmosis presenting primarily as laryngeal infection is relatively uncommon and can be mistaken for papillomatosis or even carcinoma of the larynx.We report a case of localized form of histoplasmosis which is extremely rare. It was apparently a primary infection of the larynx with no other systemic involvement. A 20 year old male presented with history of difficulty and pain during swallowing. Indirect laryngoscopy revealed a growth in cricoid region. Histopathological examination of the biopsy material revealed histoplasmosis which was confirmed by using special stains for fungi (Gomori's methanamine and PAS).

Lymphangiectasia of small intestine presenting as intussusception.

Intussusception is defined as telescoping of a segment of gastrointestinal tract into an adjacent one. In small children, it is the commonest cause of intestinal obstruction. More than 90% of childhood intussusceptions are idiopathic. We report a rare case of localized small intestinal lymphangiectasia, presenting as intussusception in a 6-month-old male child. The child presented with features of acute intestinal obstruction for which he was later operated. The gross examination of excised ileocecal mass revealed intussusception. Histopathologic examination revealed lymphangiectasia of small intestine, which acted as a lead point for ileocecal intussusception. Postoperative period was uneventful.

Chondrosarcoma of the Maxilla-Recurrent.

An uncommon case of recurrent chondrosarcoma of the maxilla is presented. A brief discussion on the radiologic and histologic presentation of the tumor and the treatment modalities of this unusual tumor is discussed.